Identifying Asian ceramics for better appraisal

Key points for identifying and appraising Asian ceramics

1. Hallmarks and Reign stamps

• China: Imperial porcelain often features a reign mark under the base, such as that of Qianlong (1736-1795) or Kangxi (1662-1722). Imperial marks, usually in red or blue underglaze, often indicate production for the court and increase value.
• Japan: Imari and Arita ceramics may feature kiln marks or inscriptions, although some older pieces are unmarked.
• Korea: Early Korean ceramics, particularly those from the Joseon dynasty, are often unmarked, but their quality and style, such as Goryeo celadon, are easily recognized by experts.
• Vietnam: Some “Bleu de Hué” style porcelain bears imperial marks or Vietnamese inscriptions, a sign of production for the elite.

2. Manufacturing Technique and Quality

• Porcelain and Enamel: A fine, translucent porcelain, often characteristic of quality Chinese pieces, testifies to a well-worked paste and advanced techniques, such as those used in the imperial kilns of Jingdezhen.
• Inlaid motifs: In Korea, the inlaid celadon technique is an indicator of the Goryeo period and high quality, with motifs engraved in the paste and filled with white or black clay before firing.
• Sgraffito and Tixi: Some Ming and Qing Chinese lacquers use engraved “sgraffito” or “tixi” decoration in multiple layers, forming deep patterns of clouds or flowers.

3. Patterns and symbolism

• China: Dragons, phoenixes and Taoist or Buddhist motifs are often symbols of power and longevity. Famille rose vases with detailed scenes (e.g. the Taoist Eight Immortals) often indicate imperial production.
• Japan: Imari and Arita feature vibrant colors such as red and blue, with motifs of flowers, cranes or stylized natural scenes.
• Korea: Korean celadons from the Goryeo period are often decorated with cranes, clouds and elegant geometric motifs. Joseon stoneware is more sober, with an austere style.
• Vietnam: “Bleu de Hué” decors include dragons and qilins, with a refined aesthetic inspired by China, but often with local touches.

4. European Frames and Transformations

• Asian ceramics mounted in gilded bronze by European craftsmen in the 18th century are highly prized. These bronze mounts, added to transform the vases into furnishing objects such as incense burners, increase the value of the piece, particularly if they come from aristocratic or royal collections.

5. Wear and Patina

• Old Cracks and Restorations: Signs of old repairs, such as metal “staples” or discreet restorations, can attest to the age and importance of the piece. Natural patina, signs of edge wear and slight discoloration often indicate a long history.
• Crackling and Glaze Shades: On older ceramics, you’ll sometimes find subtle cracks in the glaze, called “glaze cracks”, caused by thermal expansion over time.

6. Provenance and documentation

• Documented provenance: Ceramics with a well-established provenance (previous sale, historical collection, museum) are more valuable. For example, a piece from the collection of the Marquise de Pompadour or Auguste le Fort is not only rare but also highly sought-after.
• Certificate of Authenticity: For very old and expensive pieces, a certificate of authenticity issued by an expert or auction house can greatly enhance the value of the ceramic.

Some practical tests to assess the quality of Asian ceramics

• Examine the Gloss: The gloss of the glaze and its depth can indicate the quality of the piece. A thick, glossy glaze is often the sign of a quality piece.
• Surface feel: Older ceramics, especially if they have been handled or restored, will have a slightly softer, less uniform texture than newer ceramics.
• Look for Small Air Bubbles: Under the glaze surface, small bubbles visible with a magnifying glass may indicate an old firing, typical of period ceramics.

To determine the value of your Asian ceramics, it’s essential to consult an expert. He or she can not only identify marks and patterns, but also give you a precise estimate based on analysis of every detail.